0.内容概览
# 1.ubuntu
>> sudo apt update
>> sudo apt install nginx
# 2.mac
>> brew install nginx
# 3.windows
>> scoop install nginx
>> choco install nginx
>> sudo apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev openssl libssl-dev zlib1g-dev
>> ./configure \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-pcre
>> make -j8 && make install
>> docker pull nginx
>> nginx
>> ps -ef | grep nginx
>> lsof -i:80
>> nginx -s [signal]
(1) quit: 优雅停止
(2) stop: 立即停止
(3) reload: 重载配置问年间
(4) reopen: 重新打开日志文件
>> sudo fuser -k 80/tcp
# 1.版本查询
>> nginx -V
# 2.软件测试
>> nginx -t
>> nginx -V # --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
>> nginx -t # nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
# nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
}
# 1.安装hexo
>> npm install hexo-cli -g
# 2.初始化
>> hexo init blog
# 3.安装依赖
>> cd blog; npm install
# 4.生成静态站点
>> hexo g
# 5.启动本地服务器
>> hexo s
# # 4.本地运行
# >> hexo server / hexo s
# 1.将生成public文件夹下内容复制到nginx的hyml目录下
>> sudo cp * /usr/local/nginx/html
[1] worker_processes改为10，或设置为auto，让其自行设置：
worker_processes 10;
# 1.测试配置文件是否正确
>> nginx -t
# 2.重新加载配置文件
>> nginx -s reload
>> ps -ef | grep nginx
(1) 全局块：worker进程数、指定运行服务的用户等；
(2) event块：服务器和客户端之间网络连接的一些配置，如：指定一个worker进程同时能接收多少个网络连接，网络IO模型等；
(3) http块：修改频率最频繁的块，反向代理、负载均衡等都在这个块中进行配置。http块中又可以包含多个server块(虚拟主机)；
[1] 基本概念：反向代理是相对于正向代理来说的，简单来说，正向代理就是代理客户端，反向代理就是代理服务端。
[2] 反向代理配置：
# 1.打开nginx.conf文件，添加如下：
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
# 反向代理服务器：后面使用weight来调整负载均衡
upstream backend {
ip_hash; # 根据客户端IP地址进行hash，同一个客户端就会被分配到同一个请求上，这样就解决了一些session相关问题
server 127.0.0.1:8000 weight=3;
server 127.0.0.1:8001;
server 127.0.0.1:8002;
}
#gzip on;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
# 将app开头的请求都代理到配置的upstream中
location /app {
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
}
(1) https协议是http协议的安全版本，它通过对传输的数据加密，来保证数据的安全性；
(2) http协议的默认端口为80，https协议的默认端口为443；
(3) https协议需要使用到SSL证书，在主流的云平台上都可以免费申请到SSL证书，证书申请完成后，会得到密钥文件和证书文件。
(4) 没有云平台时，可以使用openssl来自己生成一个自签名的证书。
# (1) 生成私钥文件(private key)
>> openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048
# (2) 根据私钥生成证书签名请求文件(certificate Signing Request, 简称CSR文件)
>> openssl req -new -key private.key -out cert.csr
# (3) 使用私钥对证书申请进行签名，从而生成证书文件(pem文件)
>> openssl x509 -req -in cert.csr -out cacert.pem -signkey private.key
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:china
String too long, must be at most 2 bytes long
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:中国
String too long, must be at most 2 bytes long
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:xiamen
Locality Name (eg, city) []:xiamen
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Geek
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Geek
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Mirror
Email Address []:2458006366@qq.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:cjy5201314
An optional company name []:Mirror
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
server {
# 1.端口修改为tttps默认端口
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
# 2.证书名称
ssl_certificate /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/cacert.pem
# 3.证书私钥文件名称
ssl_certificate_key /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/private.key
# 4.ssl验证配置
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# 5.安全链接可选的加密协议
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TSLv1.3;
# 6.配置加密套件/加密算法，写法遵循openssl标准
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4:!DHE;
# 7.使用服务器端的首选算法
ssl_perfer_server_ciphers on;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
}
>> nginx -s reload
https://localhost
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
# 重定向
server {
listen 80;
server_name geekhour.net www.geekhour.net;
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
server {
# 1.端口修改为tttps默认端口
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
# 2.证书名称
ssl_certificate /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/cacert.pem
# 3.证书私钥文件名称
ssl_certificate_key /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/private.key
# 4.ssl验证配置
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# 5.安全链接可选的加密协议
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
# 6.配置加密套件/加密算法，写法遵循openssl标准
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
# 7.使用服务器端的首选算法
ssl_perfer_server_ciphers on;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
}
7.1 基本概念
虚拟主机可以在一台服务器上部署多个站点，很多时候一个网站在起步阶段并没有非常打的访问量，将多个网站部署在一台服务器上也不会对服务器造成太大压力，而且这样可以节省服务器的资源和成本。
nginx的虚拟主机就是通过server块来实现的，每个server块就是一个虚拟主机，然后通过server_name来指定这个虚拟主机的域名，这样当我们访问这个域名时，就会被这个server块所匹配，然后就会执行这个server块中的配置，这样就可以在一台服务器上配置多个虚拟主机了
7.2 多个虚拟主机配置
>> sudo mkdir /usr/local/nginx/servers
[2] 修改nginx的conf文件，添加如下内容
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
# 重定向
server {
listen 80;
server_name geekhour.net www.geekhour.net;
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
# another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
#
#server {
# listen 8000;
# listen somename:8080;
# server_name somename alias another.alias;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# HTTPS server
#
#server {
# listen 443 ssl;
# server_name localhost;
# ssl_certificate cert.pem;
# ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
# ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
# ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# location / {
# root html;
# index index.html index.htm;
# }
#}
# 从配置文件中载入server配置
include servers/*;
}
[3] 在servers文件夹下新建一个local.conf文件，将上面的server配置剪切进去：
server {
# 1.端口修改为htttps默认端口
listen 443 ssl;
server_name localhost;
# 2.证书名称
ssl_certificate /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/cacert.pem;
# 3.证书私钥文件名称
ssl_certificate_key /opt/mirror/etc/nginx/private.key;
# 4.ssl验证配置
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# 5.安全链接可选的加密协议
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
# 6.配置加密套件/加密算法，写法遵循openssl标准
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
# 7.使用服务器端的首选算法
ssl_perfer_server_ciphers on;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
>> nginx -s reload
[5] 多个虚拟主机，就是在servers文件夹下再新建几个配置文件，并进行配置。
[1] nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (13: Permission denied)
# 1.进入可执行文件路径
>> cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
# 2.change owner：设置文件所有者为root
>> sudo chown root nginx
# 3.让用户和拥有者具有同样权限
>> sudo chmod u+s nginx
